EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
FOURTH SECTION
CASE OF SOLODYUK v. RUSSIA
(Application No. 67099/01)
JUDGMENT <*>
(Strasbourg, 12.VII.2005)
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<*> This judgment will become final in the circumstances set
out in Article 44 з 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to
editorial revision.
In the case of Solodyuk v. Russia,
The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as
a Chamber composed of:
Sir Nicolas Bratza, President,
Mr G. Bonello,
Mr {M. Pellonpaa} <*>,
--------------------------------
<*> Здесь и далее по тексту слова на национальном языке набраны
латинским шрифтом и выделены фигурными скобками.
Mr K. Traja,
Mr A. Kovler,
Mr J. Borrego Borrego,
Ms {L. Mijovic}, judges,
and Mr M. O'Boyle, Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 21 June 2005,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that
date:
PROCEDURE
1. The case originated in an application (No. 67099/01) against
the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of
the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms ("the Convention") by two Russian nationals, Mr Viktor
Vitalyevich Solodyuk and Mrs Yelizaveta Nikolayevna Solodyuk, on
22 February 2001.
2. The Russian Government ("the Government") were represented
by Mr P.A. Laptev, Representative of the Russian Federation at the
European Court of Human Rights.
3. The applicants alleged a violation of Article 1 of Protocol
No. 1 in respect of delays in payment of their old-age pensions
and the impossibility of obtaining damages for those delays. In
relation to the latter complaint and with regard to court
proceedings in their case, they also relied on Article 6 of the
Convention.
4. The application was initially allocated to the Third Section
of the Court (Rule 52 з 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that
Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 з 1
of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 з 1.
5. By a decision of 3 June 2004, the Court declared the
application admissible.
6. On 1 November 2004 the Court changed the composition of its
Sections (Rule 25 з 1). This case was assigned to the newly
composed Fourth Section (Rule 52 з 1).
7. The applicants and the Government each filed observations on
the merits (Rule 59 з 1). The Chamber having decided, after
consulting the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required
(Rule 59 з 3 in fine), the parties replied in writing to each
other's observations.
THE FACTS
I. The circumstances of the case
8. The applicants, who are husband and wife, were born in 1936
and 1937 respectively and live in Donetsk in the Rostov Region of
Russia.
9. The applicants receive old-age pensions. Under section 120
of the State Pensions Act of 1990, old-age pensions were payable
in the month for which they were due. From June to December 1998
and from January to April 1999 the applicants received their
pensions, totalling approximately 439 and 355 Russian roubles
(RUR) per month, several months in arrears. In particular, the
pensions due for June 1998 were paid on 14 August 1998; for July
1998 on 6 November 1998; for August 1998 on 14 December 1998; for
September 1998 on 15 January 1999; for October 1998 on 9 February
1999; for November 1998 on 1 March 1999; for December 1998 on 25
March 1999; for January 1999 on 16 April 1999; for February 1999
on 18 June 1999; for March 1999 on 26 July 1999 and for April 1999
on 27 August 1999.
10. According to the applicants, inflation and devaluation of
the Russian rouble during this period meant that pensions paid
several months in arrears had lost a significant part of their
value by the time they were paid.
11. According to information obtained by the applicants from
the Donetsk Town Department of State Statistics, the month-on-
month inflation rate ran at 2.7% in August 1998, 37.3% in
September 1998, 4.4% in October 1998, 4.8% in November 1998, 10.2%
in December 1998, 8.8% in January 1999, 5.9% in February 1999,
3.4% in March 1999 and 3.8% in April 1999.
12. According to information from the Central Bank of the
Russian Federation, the official exchange rate was approximately
6.2 Russian roubles to the US dollar in the period June - August
1998, 9.3 in September 1998, 15.8 in October and November 1998,
17.9 in December 1998, 20.7 in January 1998, 22.8 in February
1999, 22.9 in March 1999 and 24.2 in April 1999.
13. In December 1999 the applicants lodged an action with the
Donetsk Town Court for damages in respect of the delays in payment
of their pensions. In particular, they claimed index-linking of
their pensions in line with inflation. The action was lodged
against the Pension Fund which was responsible for the financing
of pension payments.
14. On 26 January 2000 the Town Court refused to entertain the
action on the ground that it had been lodged against the wrong
respondent.
15. In February 2000 the applicants lodged an equivalent action
against the Donetsk Social Security Authority, which was
responsible for the calculation of pensions. During those
proceedings, the Social Security Authority argued that the proper
respondent in the case was the Pension Fund and not the Authority.
The Town Court rejected that objection.
16. On 18 July 2000 the Town Court dismissed the applicants'
action. It confirmed that there had been delays in payment of the
pensions but established no fault on the part of the Social
Security Authority, which had calculated the pensions and filed
requests for their payment in due time. The court found that the
pensions had been paid late because the Pension Fund had failed to
finance the payments in time. The court also considered that the
applicants had failed to substantiate the pecuniary and non-
pecuniary damage allegedly sustained as a result of the delays.
17. On 13 September 2000 the applicants' appeal was dismissed
by the Rostov Regional Court. The appeal court stated that the
delays were not the fault of the Social Security Authority because
it merely made payments on receipt of funds from the Pension Fund,
which had been delayed.
18. Subsequently, the applicants unsuccessfully tried to have
their case re-examined by way of the supervisory review procedure.
On 13 April 2001 the Rostov Regional Court refused to re-open the
proceedings.
II. Relevant domestic law
19. Old-age pensions were paid at the material time on the
basis of the State Pensions Act of 1990 (Закон РФ от 20 ноября
1990 г. N 340-I "О государственных пенсиях в Российской
Федерации").
Under section 7 of the Act, pensions were increased four times
a year in line with the increase in the average salary, which was
determined by the Government on the basis of State statistical
data.
Under section 8 of the Law, the State Pension Fund was
responsible for financing the payment of pensions. It derived its
resources from contributions of employers and citizens and from
State budgetary allocations.
Under Part IX of the Act, pensions were set by the Social
Security Authority.
Under section 120 of the Act, pensions were payable in the
month for which they were due.
According to section 123 of the Act, where pension debts
resulted from the State's failure to pay pensions in due time,
they remained due irrespective of the time that had elapsed.
THE LAW
I. The Government's preliminary objection
20. In their observations of 1 September 2004, the Government
submitted that the applicants could apply to a court for damages
in respect of the late payments of their pensions. They referred
to Article 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which guarantees to
everyone a right to apply to a court for protection of their
rights and freedoms. The Government concluded that the present
case did not involve any violation of the Convention.
21. The applicants replied that they had availed themselves of
that right.
22. The Court notes that the applicants' action for damages
arising from late payment of their pensions was determined by the
domestic courts. The Government's objection must therefore be
dismissed as manifestly ill-founded.
II. Alleged violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1
23. The applicants complained that their pensions were paid
late and that no damages could be obtained in this connection.
They relied on Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 which reads:
"Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful
enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his
possessions except in the public interest and subject to the
conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of
international law.
The preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair
the right of a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to
control the use of property in accordance with the general
interest or to secure the payment of taxes or other contributions
or penalties."
24. The Government submitted that the delays in the payment of
pensions to the applicants could not be considered as a
deprivation of their property because section 123 of the 1990
State Pensions Act stipulated no time-limit for the payment of
pensions due for past periods and the pensions had subsequently
been paid to the applicants. The Government further stated that,
apart from the statutory quarterly increase in pensions provided
for under section 7 of the State Pensions Act in line with the
increase in the average salary, no other index-linking of state
pensions, including by a court decision, was possible. It followed
that the applicants' right to respect for their property was not
violated.
25. The applicants pointed out that section 123 of the State
Pensions Act did not legalise delays in pension payments but
merely provided for the payment of pensions in arrears regardless
of the period of delay. They further stressed that the delays in
payment of their pensions occurred at a time of rapid inflation
and devaluation of the rouble, which had significantly reduced
their purchasing power.
A. Whether there was a "possession"
26. The Court reiterates that, although the right to an old-age
pension is not included as such among the rights and freedoms
guaranteed by the Convention, a "claim" concerning a pension can
constitute a "possession" within the meaning of Article 1 of
Protocol No. 1 if it is established by a final and enforceable
court judgment (see Pravednaya v. Russia, No. 69529/01, зз 37 -
39, 18 November 2004).
27. In the present case, the Government did not dispute that
the applicants were entitled to the payment of their old-age
pensions in the month for which they were due. This was
established by domestic law, namely section 120 of the State
Pensions Act of 1990, and indirectly confirmed by the judgment of
the Donetsk Town Court of 18 July 2000, as upheld by the Rostov
Regional Court's decision of 13 September 2000. In the Court's
view, the applicants therefore had a "possession" for the purposes
of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. That provision is therefore
applicable to the instant case.
B. Whether there was an interference
28. Payment of the applicants' monthly pensions for eleven
months, from June 1998 to April 1999, was delayed for periods of
up to four months (see paragraph 9 above). During that time month-
on-month inflation was very unstable, the rates varying between
2.7% and 37.3% (see paragraph 11 above). The effect of inflation
on the applicants' delayed pensions was a significant loss in
purchasing power. The Court agrees with the Government that the
delays in payment of the applicants' pensions did not involve a
total deprivation of property. However, as a result of very high
inflation, they resulted in a substantial loss in terms of the
value that the pensions lost during the period of those delays.
29. The Court does not consider it necessary to rule on whether
the second sentence of the first paragraph of Article 1 of
Protocol No. 1 applies in this case. The situation envisaged in
the second sentence of the first paragraph of Article 1 is only a
particular instance of interference with the right to peaceful
enjoyment of property as guaranteed by the general rule set forth
in the first sentence (see, for example, Beyeler v. Italy [GC],
No. 33202/96, з 106, ECHR 2000-I). The Court therefore considers
that it should examine the situation complained of in the light of
that general rule. The delays in payment of the applicants'
pensions interfered with the applicants' right to peaceful
enjoyment of their property.
C. Whether the interference was justified
30. In order to be compatible with the general rule set forth
in the first sentence of the first paragraph of Article 1, such an
interference must be in accordance with law, in the public
interest, and proportionate to the aim pursued (see Beyeler, cited
above, зз 108, 111). A fair balance between the demands of the
general interests of the community and the requirements of the
protection of the individual's fundamental rights will not be
achieved if the person concerned has had to bear an individual and
excessive burden (see {Akkus} v. Turkey, judgment of 9 July 1997,
Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1997-IV, pp. 1309 - 1310, з 27
- 31).
31. It appears from the judgment of the Donetsk Town Court of
18 July 2000 and section 120 of the State Pensions Act that
payment of the applicants' pensions was delayed in breach of the
domestic law.
32. Even assuming that section 123 of the State Pensions Act
allowed for the late payments of pensions, as the Government may
be understood to have suggested, the question arises whether the
disputed interference pursued a legitimate aim that was in the
general interest and whether there was a reasonable relationship
of proportionality between the means employed and the aim pursued.
33. The Government were silent on whether the interference
pursued a legitimate aim and the Court does not find it necessary
to address this issue in view of the following considerations.
34. The Court notes the Government's submission that, apart
from the regular statutory increase in pensions, in line with the
increase in the average salary fixed by the Government, no other
index-linking of state pensions, including by a court decision,
was possible. The domestic courts dismissed their action for
damages on the ground, inter alia, that there had been no fault on
the part of the Social Security Authority, having found that the
Pension Fund - the action against which they had refused to
examine - had delayed the allocation of relevant funds and thus
caused the late payment of the applicants' pensions.
35. The interference in issue concerned the applicants' old-age
pensions, supposedly their sole or main income, and lasted
continuously over more than a year, involving, in many cases, at
least three-month periods of delay. The effects of very high
inflation on the applicants' late pension payments at the time
were such that the pensions fell significantly in value.
36. In such circumstances, the delay in payment of the
applicants' pensions imposed an individual and excessive burden on
the applicants. It follows that there was a violation of Article 1
of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention in the present case.
III. Alleged violation of Article 6 of the Convention
37. The applicants further complained under Article 6 of the
Convention about the impossibility of claiming damages for the
delays in payment of their pensions. Article 6, in so far as
relevant, provides:
"1. In the determination of his civil rights and
obligations..., everyone is entitled to a fair... hearing... by
[a]... tribunal......."
38. In view of its finding in paragraph 36 above, the Court
does not consider it necessary to examine this complaint
separately under Article 6.
IV. Application of Article 41 of the Convention
39. Article 41 of the Convention provides:
"If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the
Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of
the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial
reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just
satisfaction to the injured party."
A. Damage
40. The applicants sought compensation for the pecuniary damage
which they sustained in connection with the case, namely RUR
3,396.99 in relation to Mr V.V. Solodyuk and RUR 3,178.82 in
relation to Mrs E.N. Solodyuk. The applicants explained that those
amounts consisted in the following expenditure: the value of the
pensions lost as a result of inflation, amounting to RUR 1,292.53
and RUR 1,032.36 respectively, calculated on the basis of the
statutory rate; and postal, copying and other expenses incurred in
the domestic proceedings and the proceedings before this Court,
amounting to RUR 2,104.46 and RUR 2,146.46 respectively.
41. The applicants also sought compensation for non-pecuniary
damage sustained as a result of the distress and anguish caused by
the violation of their rights and the feeling of a lack of
protection from the arbitrariness of the State authorities,
amounting to 7,000 - 10,000 euros (EUR) each.
42. The Government submitted that no compensation should be
awarded to the applicants because their rights under the
Convention had not been violated. Should the Court find a
violation, such a finding would constitute sufficient just
satisfaction. The sums claimed by the applicants under the head of
pecuniary damage should be considered as "costs and expenses".
Approximately RUR 730 of those sums were substantiated.
43. As to the amounts claimed in respect of non-pecuniary
damage, the Government were of the view that they were excessive
and unreasonable and that this claim should therefore be rejected.
They submitted that a symbolic amount would be equitable.
44. In the light of all the information in its possession, the
Court awards EUR 96 to Mr V.V. Solodyuk and EUR 90 to Mrs E.N.
Solodyuk as compensation for pecuniary damage.
45. As to non-pecuniary damage, the Court considers that the
applicants suffered prejudice such as distress and frustration
resulting from the prolonged impossibility to receive their old-
age pensions on time. Having regard to the circumstances of the
case and ruling on an equitable basis, the Court awards each of
the applicants EUR 1,500.
B. Default interest
46. The Court considers it appropriate that the default
interest should be based on the marginal lending rate of the
European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage
points.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT UNANIMOUSLY
1. Dismisses the Government's preliminary objection;
2. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 1 of
Protocol No. 1 to the Convention;
3. Holds that it is unnecessary to examine the applicants'
complaint under Article 6 of the Convention;
4. Holds
(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within
three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in
accordance with Article 44 з 2 of the Convention, the following
amounts to be converted into the national currency of the
respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement:
(i) to Mr V.V. Solodyuk EUR 1,596 (one thousand five
hundred ninety six euros) in respect of pecuniary and
non-pecuniary damage, plus any tax that may be chargeable on
the above amount;
(ii) to Mrs E.N. Solodyuk EUR 1,590 (one thousand five
hundred ninety euros) in respect of pecuniary and
non-pecuniary damage, plus any tax that may be chargeable on
the above amount;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months
until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above
amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the
European Central Bank during the default period plus three
percentage points;
5. Dismisses the remainder of the applicants' claim for just
satisfaction.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 12 July 2005,
pursuant to Rule 77 зз 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Nicolas BRATZA
President
Michael O'BOYLE
Registrar
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